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Niccolò de Romanis
Niccolò de Romanis〔also Nicola de Romanis or Nicholas de Romanis; Nicholas of Tusculum. According to W. Maleczek, ''Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216'', Vienna 1984, p. 147, the familiar denomination ''de Romanis'' is not attested in the contemporary sources, but appears for the first time in the 17th century.〕 (died 1218〔cf. Maleczek, p. 150. His successor Niccolo Chiaramonte was named on January 6, 1219〕) was an Italian cardinal and Papal legate. He was Bishop of Frascati from either 1204〔W. Maleczek, ''Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216'', Vienna 1984, p. 61 and 147〕 or 1205〔(The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 and Grand penitentiary. He was closely associated with Pope Honorius III as administrator and diplomat. Dean of the College of Cardinals from 1211.
==Legate to England==
In 1207, Pope Innocent III placed the kingdom of England under an Interdict as the result of actions taken by King John (1199–1215) culminating in a debate over the appointment for a successor to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Interdict would stand until 1213 when John finally accepted Innocent's choice of Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. Nicholas acted as Innocent's main negotiator throughout the Interdict, arriving in September 1213 in order to settle its lifting.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History Timelines )〕〔John Clare Moore, ''Pope Innocent 3rd 1160/61-1216: To Root Up and to Plant'' (2005), p. 215.〕
He deposed the corrupt Roger Norreys at Evesham Abbey,〔David Knowles, ''The Monastic Order in England (2nd edition 1963), p. 342.〕 and finally at Penwortham Abbey.〔(The priory of Penwortham ), British History Online〕 He also intervened at Bardney Abbey to depose the abbot,〔(The abbey of Bardney ), British History Online; Knowles p. 653.〕 and put out Ralph de Arundel, abbot of Westminster.
He attempted to mediate between John and his barons, taking up the issue of sheriffs,〔William Sharp McKechnie, ''(Magna Carta: A Commentary on the Great Charter of King John, with an Historical Introduction )''〕 and trying to fulfil his papal brief to calm factions.〔W. L. Warren, ''King John'' (second edition 1978), p. 215.〕
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